On December 23, 1778, Capt. James Cook, off Hawai’i Islands’s Cape Kumukahi, found his ship, HMS Discovery, becalmed and left “to the mercy of a great swell which hove us fast towards the island, which was not two leagues distant.” The crew did manage to get the Discovery away from land, and then, “while we lay as it were becalmed, several of the Islanders came off with hogs, fowls, fruit and roots to exchange. We got out of one Canoe a Goose which was about the size of a Muscovy Duck; its plumage was dark-gray, and the bill and legs black.” By evening, the ship’s company had bought and bartered for everything the Hawaiians had brought along, which was “full as much as we could dispense with.” They then set sail and at midnight began to watch for the HMS Resolution, expecting that the sister ship would see and signal them, but “she was not to be seen.”
On the morning of Christmas Eve, Cook wrote in his log, “At this time the weather was hazy, so that we could not see far, and being past the NE. part of the Island, I was tempted to stand on, till by the wind veering to the NE, we could not weather the land upon the other tack, consequently could not stand to the North to join or look for the Discovery. At noon we were by observations in the latitude of 19°͈ 55ˈ North Longitude 20° ˈ East; the SE point of the Island bore E. six leagues distant; the other extreme N 60 degrees W and the nearest shore two leagues.”
The next log entry is for 30 December. In 1778, there appear to be no mentions of the Christmas holiday in Cook’s log, or any of the others. Why?
Possibly, because the 18th century was the Age of Reason, and for some time religion took a back seat to logic. Possibly Cook, an Anglican, and the other officers of the mission did not feel noting a religious holiday pertinent to a scientific mission. Or perhaps they were too busy to take note. Or perhaps they had been somewhat influenced by the Protestant reforms. Possibly further research, and continuing to read the ship’s logs, can shed light on their thoughts that day. But for now, all we know is that the first documented time Christians spent Christmas in Hawai`i, the day passed unremarked.
The first Christmas celebration in Hawai`i took place 34 years before the arrival of the Missionaries – who promptly did what they could to discourage any further celebration!
George Dixon had served under Capt. James Cook during Cook’s third Pacific voyage, so Dixon was familiar with the Hawaiian Islands. In 1785, he made a career move to the merchant marine, becoming a partner in Richard Cadman Etches and Company – better known to Americans as the King George’s Sound Company. There, he became Captain of the merchant ship Queen Charlotte.
In her Pacific travels, Queen Charlotte traveled in company with the King George, captained by Nathaniel Portlock, commander of the expedition to explore the shoreline of what is now British Colombia. They spent the summers of 1786 and 1787 coasting the Pacific North-West. That winter of 1786 they spent in, as Hawai`i was then known to English-speakers, the “Sandwich Isles.”
Christmas Eve, 1786, Captain Portlock had gone ashore and given out trinkets to women and children he met. On Christmas Day, he had a visitor aboard the King George, and that night wrote in his log, “Kiana came off in a long double canoe and brought me a present of some hogs and vegetables which I received gladly, and made a return that pleased him very much.”
Far from home, the sailors had no contact with family or land-based friends. It could take years for a simple letter to reach a sweetheart. There was no such thing as speed-dial or e-mail.
To cheer their spirits, Captain Dixon ordered a celebration of the Christmas holy day. He had a holiday punch made by having the men’s ration of rum mixed with coconut juice. Island hog was baked into a sea-pie (a concoction of available meats layered with hardtack and lard and baked in a large iron pot) for the festive supper. Such fresh meat was a real treat for the sailors, who spent months at sea subsisting primarily on salt meat and hard biscuits.
Probably the sailors sang traditional carols of the British Isles, such as Here We Come a Wassailing, and I Saw Three Ships. Fiddles, guitars, banjos, harmonicas, flutes, and whistles were popular among sailors, and some of these instruments may have accompanied the songs.
Today in Hawai`i, our Christmas celebrations include customs from those early sailors, as well as traditions from around the world.
Despite numerous claims that the Missionaries brought Christmas to Hawai`i, that simply isn’t so.
The Missionaries, those austere proponents of New England Christianity, would not arrive in the Hawaiian Islands for another thirty four years – not until March 30, 1820. And Christmas was not a holiday to them. As the Bible made no mention of celebrating Christmas, they did not do so. In fact, until the 1770s, in their home of New England, celebrating Christmas was illegal.
Reading Scripture, one finds no mention of Christmas. Therefore, the Missionaries felt, it did not qualify as holy. The Missionaries, strong proponents of scholarly learning, also disputed the date of Christmas celebrations, arguing that December 25 was the date of a Roman festival, hijacked by early Christians. To celebrate that day, they felt, was sinful homage to a pagan custom.
The Boston Missionaries were heir to the beliefs of Puritan England. Responding to certain political and religious excesses, in the 1600s, England underwent major reforms. After the Puritans came to power, in 1647 the celebration of Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide were outlawed in England. Her American colonies followed suit, and in 1659, Massachusetts included in their penal code a 5 shilling fine for celebrating Christmas. In 1681, the laws abolishing Christmas were repealed, but James Howard Barnett notes in The American Christmas (1984) that the Puritan view prevailed in New England for almost two centuries.
Despite the legalization of Christmas, New England officials still disapproved of celebrating the holiday, especially with any form of revelry. Decking the halls with boughs of holly – or any other greenery – was associated with pagan custom, and thus was expressly forbidden in Puritan meeting houses, and while not illegal, was discouraged in the New England home. Making merry could still bring prosecution for disturbing the peace.
We all have our cognitive dissonances, however. Although there is no mention of them in the Bible, somehow Election Day and Harvard Commencement Day were recognized days of rest in addition to the Sabbath. Days of thanksgiving and humiliation also were observed.
This was the mindset of the Boston Missionaries who, in 1820, sought to bring the Word of God to the Hawaiian people.
And so, at last, we come to Christmas Eve, the last day of Advent (the season of preparation for Christmas). It is fitting to now tell how the holiday officially was introduced to our islands, with all the pomp, pageantry, and festivity we associate with Christmas in Hawai`i today.
Alexander ʻIolani Liholiho Keawenui was born in 1834, the child of High Chief Mataio Kekūanāoʻa, governor of O`ahu, and Princess Elizabeth Kīnaʻu the Kuhina Nui of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Kuhina Nui was a position roughly equivalent to Prime Minister.
The young prince was educated by the New England missionaries to Hawai`i, but never seemed to quite inculcate their dour simplicity. Sent at age 15 on a visit to England, he was impressed by the richness and ceremony of the Church of England. Feted and honored in Europe and the British Isles, he experienced prejudice and bigotry in the American portion of his travels. This likely set the stage for his change of spiritual alliance.
When his uncle, Kauikeouli (Kamehameha III) died on 15 December 1854, Liholiho succeeded to the throne. He was sworn in as king of the Hawaiian Islands, Kamehameha IV, on 11 January 1855, at age 20.
In 1856, the young monarch married Emma Kalanikaumakaamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke, daughter of High Chief George Naʻea and High Chiefess Fanny Kekelaokalani Young, daughter of John Young, military advisor to Pai`ea Kamehameha. Though the royal wedding contained Anglican prayers, the wedding had to be performed by a Congregationalist minister.
This same year, Kamehameha IV decreed that December 25 would be celebrated as the kingdom’s national day of Thanksgiving. The politically influential and highly conservative American missionaries objected to Christmas on the grounds that it was a pagan celebration. However, the young king had allies.
Mary Dominis, the widow of Capt. John Dominis, descendant of Croatian nobility, wished to celebrate the Christmas holiday in high style. With a pro-Christmas monarch on the throne, on Christmas Eve of 1858 she hosted a lavish party for 100 of Honolulu’s children and their parents. She even had a Santa Claus to give Christmas presents to the children.
Mary Dominis also was noted for planting the first European-style garden in Honolulu, and is said to have grown a Christmas tree from a sprig that was sent to Hawai`i by ship.
In 1859, Queen Emma wrote to Queen Victoria of the U.K. to request a clergyman from the Church of England. The King’s foreign minister, Robert Crichton Wyllie, also made requests through diplomatic contacts for a mission to Hawai`i.
This was a middle way between the American missionaries, and the Catholic church which required allegiance to the Pope. And, it had the advantage that the Anglican church was pro-monarchy.
In 1860 Samuel Wilberforce, the Bishop of Winchester, suggested expanding the mission to include a Bishop who could organize a new branch of the Church of England. William Ingraham Kip of the American Episcopal Church in California also supported the idea, but the American Civil War prevented any help from that quarter.
The mission was approved by Archbishop of Canterbury, John B. Sumner, and the British Foreign Secretary, Lord John Russell. Thus, Hawai`i’s first Bishop, Thomas Nettleship Staley, was consecrated on December 15, 1861 as the church’s first bishop of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He and his wife departed on 17 August 1862 and arrived in Honolulu in October 1862.
The King and Queen were anxiously awaiting the arrival of the new bishop, especially as they wished for him to christen their young son, Albert Edward Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa a Kamehameha. Sadly, the royal heir died, and the new Bishop arrived at a court in mourning.
Joining the new Hawaiian Reformed Catholic Church, Kauikeouli and Emma were baptized on October 21, 1862 and confirmed in November 1862.
Shortly thereafter, Liholiho rescinded his decree proclaiming December 25 as a national day of thanksgiving, and formally proclaimed Christmas as a national holiday of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Over the succeeding years, the two championed the Anglican (now Episcopal) Church in Hawaii and founded St. Andrew’s Cathedral, raising funds for the building. In 1867 Emma founded Saint Andrew’s Priory School for Girls. She also laid the groundwork for an Episcopal secondary school for boys originally named for Saint Alban. After the death of Kamehameha IV, it was renamed ʻIolani School in his honor.
In recognition of their work on behalf of the church, Queen Emma and King Kamehameha IV, “The Holy Sovereigns,” are honored with a feast day of November 28 on the liturgical calendar of the U.S. Episcopal Church.
And that, Dear Reader, is how Christmas came to be a recognized holiday in the Hawaiian Islands.
Books for Christmas
The classic Sherlock Holmes Christmas mystery – re-set in Hawaiʻi!